System and method for hyperpolarizing a substance

ABSTRACT

A system for hyperpolarizing a substance is provided. The system includes a cryostat and a polarizer. The cryostat is operative to generate radicals within the substance by exposing the substance to electromagnetic radiation. The polarizer is operative to hyperpolarize the substance via the radicals. Once the substance is polarized, the radicals contained within the substance are quenched by adjusting a temperature of the substance to greater than or equal to a melting point of the substance. In embodiments, the polarizer may then rapidly freeze the substance.

BACKGROUND Technical Field

Embodiments of the invention relate generally to magnetic resonance imaging (“MRI”) systems, and more specifically, to a system and method for hyperpolarizing a substance.

DISCUSSION OF ART

MRI is a widely accepted and commercially available technique for obtaining digitized visual images representing the internal structure of objects having substantial populations of atomic nuclei that are susceptible to nuclear magnetic resonance (“NMR”). Many MRI systems use superconductive magnets to scan a subject/patient via imposing a strong main magnetic field on the nuclear spins in the subject to be imaged. The nuclear spins are excited by a radio frequency (“RF”) signal/pulse transmitted by a RF coil at characteristics NMR (Larmor) frequencies. By spatially disturbing localized magnetic fields surrounding the subject and analyzing the resulting RF responses from the excited nuclear spins as they relax back to their equilibrium state, a map or image of the nuclear spins responses as a function of their spatial location is generated and displayed. An image of the nuclear spins response provides a non-invasive view of a subject's internal structure.

In certain MRI procedures, referred to as Hyperpolarized MRI, e.g., Metabolic MRI, it is sometimes advantageous to inject a subject/patient with a hyperpolarized substance. The term “hyperpolarized,” as used herein with respect to a substance, refers to a state of the substance in which the number of nuclear spins of the substance having a polarized state is greater than the number of nuclear spins of the substance having a polarized state at thermal equilibrium conditions. Due to the high percentage of nuclear spins having a polarized state, a hyperpolarized substance may generate an MR signal more than 10,000 times stronger than many non-hyperpolarized substances. Thus, many hyperpolarized substances are effective MRI tracers.

Methods of producing hyperpolarized substances often involve lowering the temperature of a substance in the presence of stable radicals within a strong magnetic field, and subsequently irradiating the substance and stable radicals with microwaves. As used herein, the term “stable radical” refers to an atom and/or molecule with a free electron that remains stable for an indefinite amount of time, and which is not readily removable from the substance in which it is dissolved without de-hyperpolarizing the substance. Following a Boltzmann distribution, the electron spins of the stable radicals become highly polarized at low temperatures within the strong magnetic field, and the microwaves transfer polarization from the stable radicals to the nuclear spins of the substance.

Many hyperpolarized substances created by such methods, however, often have short life spans, i.e., the amount of time such substances are in a hyperpolarized state. In particular, the stable radicals themselves contribute to the de-polarization of the substance over time. Accordingly, it is usually necessary to create a hyperpolarized substance at the same location/site at which an MRI procedure utilizing the hyperpolarized substance is performed. Many systems capable of creating hyperpolarized substances, however, are often expensive and/or require a large amount of space. Additionally, it is also usually necessary to create a hyperpolarized substance within a short time period of beginning an MRI procedure which utilizes the hyperpolarized substance. Thus, many systems for creating a hyperpolarized substance are often limited in the number of MRI procedures that they can service in a single day.

Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (“DNP”) with rapid dissolution is a traditional method of producing hyperpolarized substances that typically requires polarizing a sample mixture of molecules to be polarized and stable free radicals in a low temperature and high magnetic field environment. As the longitudinal relaxation time TI of the nuclear spins of the solid-state sample at low field, i.e., outside of the polarizer, is very short, in the presence of the stable free radicals, the sample must be rapidly dissolved within the high magnetic field of the polarizer with hot solvent, e.g., water, and quickly transferred into a subject/patient for use in MRI. Traditional DNP with rapid dissolution systems, however, often require complex delivery systems for the hot and/or pressurized solvent needed to rapidly dissolve the sample. Additionally, traditional systems based on DNP with rapid dissolution may require their magnet to be de-energized in the event of a component failure resulting in a sample and/or solvent being left behind inside of the cryostat.

A process for performing DNP with non-persistent free radicals has recently been proposed in which the non-persistent radicals can be quenched by raising the temperature of the mixture sample to above what is known as the “recombination temperature”, i.e., the temperature at which the radicals disappear. The proposed solution, however, does not melt the sample, such that the hyperpolarized substance remains in solid form up until the time of use/injection into a patient/subject. As will be understood, the term “quenching,” as used herein with respect to radicals in a substance, means to reduce and/or eliminate the number of radicals within the substance by either removing the radicals from the substance and/or allowing the molecules/atoms forming the radicals to chemically bond with adjacent molecules/atoms in the substance such that they no longer have free electrons. Controlling the temperature of a polarized sample mixture such that it exceeds the recombination temperature without melting is difficult, and often requires complex and/or expensive equipment and procedures.

What is needed, therefore, is an improved system and method for hyperpolarizing a substance.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION

In an embodiment a system for hyperpolarizing a substance is provided. The system includes a cryostat and a polarizer. The cryostat is operative to generate radicals within the substance by exposing the substance to electromagnetic radiation. The polarizer is operative to hyperpolarize the substance via the radicals, and to quench the radicals within the substance by adjusting a temperature of the substance to greater than or equal to a melting point of the substance.

In another embodiment, a method of quenching radicals within a hyperpolarized substance is provided. The method includes adjusting a temperature of the hyperpolarized substance to greater than or equal to a melting point of the hyperpolarized substance.

In yet another embodiment, a device for quenching radicals within a hyperpolarized substance is provided. The device includes a body, one or more magnets, and a temperature control element. The body is operative to contain the hyperpolarized substance. The one or more magnets are operative to maintain hyperpolarization of the hyperpolarized substance. The temperature control element is operative to adjust a temperature of the hyperpolarized substance to greater than or equal to a melting point of the hyperpolarized substance.

DRAWINGS

The present invention will be better understood from reading the following description of non-limiting embodiments, with reference to the attached drawings, wherein below:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary MRI system, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a cryostat, a shuttle, an exchange switch and a polarizer of a system for hyperpolarizing a substance utilized in the MRI system of FIG. 1, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is another schematic diagram of the cryostat of the system for hyperpolarizing a substance of FIG. 2, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is another schematic diagram of the shuttle of the system for hyperpolarizing a substance of FIG. 2, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a packet generator of the system of hyperpolarizing a substance of FIG. 2, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is another schematic diagram of the shuttle, the exchange switch and the polarizer of the system for hyperpolarizing a substance utilized in the MRI system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 7 is another schematic diagram of the polarizer of the system for hyperpolarizing a substance of FIG. 2, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 8 is another schematic diagram of the polarizer of the system for hyperpolarizing a substance of FIG. 2, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 9 is schematic diagram of the polarizer and an isolation chamber of the system for hyperpolarizing a substance of FIG. 2, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a transportation device of the system for hyperpolarizing a substance of FIG. 2, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference will be made below in detail to exemplary embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference characters used throughout the drawings refer to the same or like parts, without duplicative description.

As used herein, the terms “substantially,” “generally,” and “about” indicate conditions within reasonably achievable manufacturing and assembly tolerances, relative to ideal desired conditions suitable for achieving the functional purpose of a component or assembly. As used herein, “electrically coupled”, “electrically connected”, and “electrical communication” mean that the referenced elements are directly or indirectly connected such that an electrical current may flow from one to the other. The connection may include a direct conductive connection, i.e., without an intervening capacitive, inductive or active element, an inductive connection, a capacitive connection, and/or any other suitable electrical connection. Intervening components may be present. The terms “thermally communicate”, “thermal communication” and “communicate thermally”, mean that heat may transfer from one referenced element to the other. As used herein, the term “buffer solution” refers to a first substance used to dilute a second substance prior to injection of the second substance into a subject/patient.

Further, while the embodiments disclosed herein are described with respect to an MRI system, it is to be understood that embodiments of the present invention may be applicable to other systems and methods which utilize hyperpolarized substances. Further still, as will be appreciated, embodiments of the present invention related imaging systems may be used to analyze tissue generally and are not limited to human tissue.

Referring now to FIG. 1, the major components of an MRI system 10 incorporating an embodiment of the invention are shown. Operation of the system 10 is controlled from the operator console 12, which includes a keyboard or other input device 14, a control panel 16, and a display screen 18. The console 12 communicates through a link 20 with a separate computer system 22 that enables an operator to control the production and display of images on the display screen 18. The computer system 22 includes a number of modules, which communicate with each other through a backplane 24. These include an image processor module 26, a CPU module 28 and a memory module 30, which may include a frame buffer for storing image data arrays. The computer system 22 communicates with a separate system control or control unit 32 through a high-speed serial link 34. The input device 14 can include a mouse, joystick, keyboard, track ball, touch activated screen, light wand, voice control, or any similar or equivalent input device, and may be used for interactive geometry prescription. The computer system 22 and the MRI system control 32 collectively form an “MRI controller” 36.

The MRI system control 32 includes a set of modules connected together by a backplane 38. These include a CPU module 40 and a pulse generator module 42, which connects to the operator console 12 through a serial link 44. It is through link 44 that the system control 32 receives commands from the operator to indicate the scan sequence that is to be performed. The pulse generator module 42 operates the system components to execute the desired scan sequence and produces data which indicates the timing, strength and shape of the RF pulses produced, and the timing and length of the data acquisition window. The pulse generator module 42 connects to a set of gradient amplifiers 46, to indicate the timing and shape of the gradient pulses that are produced during the scan. The pulse generator module 42 can also receive patient data from a physiological acquisition controller 48 that receives signals from a number of different sensors connected to the patient, such as ECG signals from electrodes attached to the patient. And finally, the pulse generator module 42 connects to a scan room interface circuit 50, which receives signals from various sensors associated with the condition of the patient and the magnet system. It is also through the scan room interface circuit 50 that a patient positioning system 52 receives commands to move the patient to the desired position for the scan.

The pulse generator module 42 operates the gradient amplifiers 46 to achieve desired timing and shape of the gradient pulses that are produced during the scan. The gradient waveforms produced by the pulse generator module 42 are applied to the gradient amplifier system 46 having Gx, Gy, and Gz amplifiers. Each gradient amplifier excites a corresponding physical gradient coil in a gradient coil assembly, generally designated 54, to produce the magnetic field gradients used for spatially encoding acquired signals. The gradient coil assembly 54 forms part of a magnet assembly 56, which also includes a polarizing magnet 58 (which in operation, provides a homogenous longitudinal magnetic field B₀ throughout a target volume 60 that is enclosed by the magnet assembly 56) and a whole-body (transmit and receive) RF coil 62 (which, in operation, provides a transverse magnetic field B₁ that is generally perpendicular to B₀ throughout the target volume 60).

The resulting signals emitted by the excited nuclei in the patient may be sensed by the same RF coil 62 and coupled through the transmit/receive switch 64 to a preamplifier 66. The amplifier MR signals are demodulated, filtered, and digitized in the receiver section of a transceiver 68. The transmit/receive switch 64 is controlled by a signal from the pulse generator module 42 to electrically connect an RF amplifier 70 to the RF coil 62 during the transmit mode and to connect the preamplifier 66 to the RF coil 62 during the receive mode. The transmit/receive switch 64 can also enable a separate RF coil (for example, a surface coil) to be used in either transmit or receive mode.

The MR signals picked up by the RF coil 62 are digitized by the transceiver module 68 and transferred to a memory module 72 in the system control 32. A scan is complete when an array of raw k-space data has been acquired in the memory module 72. This raw k-space data/datum is rearranged into separate k-space data arrays for each image to be reconstructed, and each of these is input to an array processor 76 which operates to Fourier transform the data into an array of image data. This image data is conveyed through the serial link 34 to the computer system 22 where it is stored in memory 30. In response to commands received from the operator console 12, this image data may be archived in long-term storage or it may be further processed by the image processor 26 and conveyed to the operator console 12 and presented on the display 18.

Additionally, while the embodiment of the magnet assembly 56 shown in FIG. 1 utilizes a cylindrical topology in which a patient/subject/object 78 is inserted into the magnet assembly 56, it should be understood that topologies other than cylindrical may be used. For example, a flat geometry in a split-open MRI system may also utilize embodiments of the invention described below.

Turning now to FIG. 2, a system 80 for hyperpolarizing a substance 82 (FIGS. 2, 3, 5, and 6) and 84 (FIGS. 4, 7-10) in accordance with embodiments of the invention is shown. As will be understood, reference numerals 82 and 84 are used herein to respectively indicate the substance as having a non-hyperpolarized state, referred to herein also as “initial substance”, or having a hyperpolarized state, referred to herein also as “hyperpolarized substance”. The system 80 may include a cryostat 86 (FIGS. 2 and 3), a polarizer 88 (FIGS. 2 and 6-9), e.g., a DNP, and/or a shuttle 90 (FIGS. 2, 4 and 6). In embodiments, the system 80 may further include an exchange switch 92 (FIGS. 2 and 6) and/or a packet generator 94 (FIG. 5).

As shown in FIG. 3, the cryostat 86 is configured to receive the substance 82 in a non-hyperpolarized state and is operative to generate radicals within the substance 82 via exposing the substance 82 to electromagnetic radiation (depicted as arrows 98). The substance 82 may be of any material/chemical/element capable of being hyperpolarized, e.g., water, alcohols, carboxylic acids (to include keto acids), amino acids, alkanoic acids, fatty acids, dicarboxylic acids, tricarboxylic acids, alpha hydroxy acids (to include derivatives thereof), sugars (such as glucose, fructose and derivatives thereof), urea, carbon thirteen (13) (“¹³C”), nitrogen fifteen (“¹⁵N”), deuterium (“²H”), as well as combinations of the preceding substances. In embodiments, the substance 82 may be one or more types of molecules with a photo-reactive triplet state, which may be isotopically enriched at a specific molecular position, admixed to one or more types of molecules of interest, which may also be isotopically enriched at a specific molecular position. In such embodiments, a glassing agent such as dimethyl sulfoxide (“DMSO”) and/or ethanol may be added to the mixture(s).

The electromagnetic radiation may be of any frequency capable of generating radicals within the substance 82, e.g., ultraviolet light. Accordingly, in embodiments, the cryostat 86 includes a body 100 that defines a chamber 102 having a selectively sealable opening 104 and operative to retain the substance 82 at a temperate of between about 2K to about 273K. In certain aspects, the body 100 may include an outer body 106 and an inner body 108 spaced apart from the outer body 106 via thermally insulating spacers 110 and/or O-rings 112 so as to form a vacuum 114 between the outer body 106 and the inner body 108. In such embodiments, the chamber 102 may be defined by the inner body 108. As will be appreciated, the spacers 110, O-rings 112, and vacuum 114 insulate the substance 82 within the chamber 102 from the external environment.

As further shown in FIG. 3, the chamber 102 and/or inner body 108 may be partially defined by a material 116, e.g., sapphire, that allows non-thermal electromagnetic radiation 98 to pass through while minimizing the ability of thermal energy to enter the chamber 102 and heat the substance 82. While the embodiments herein depict the outer body 106 as having a window 117, e.g., a quartz window, operative to allow electromagnetic radiation 98 generated from a source external to the cryostat 86 to pass through the outer 106 body, it will be appreciated that the cryostat 86 may include an electromagnetic radiation source, e.g., an ultraviolet light, operative to radiate the substance 82 within the chamber 102. Additionally, the cryostat 86 may include a relief valve 118 operative to vent gas resulting from evaporation of the substance 82 while within the chamber 102. In embodiments, the cryostat 86 may be integrated into the shuttle 90.

Moving to FIG. 4, the shuttle 90 is configured to receive and transport the substance 82, and, in embodiments, may be further configured to receive and transport the substance 84 after being hyperpolarized by the polarizer 88. As such, the shuttle 90 may include a body 120 having a magnet 122, e.g., a permanent magnet, resistive magnet, and/or superconductive magnet, disposed therein. The body 120 defines a chamber 124 which is operative to store the substance 82/84. The magnet 122 is operative to generate a magnetic field that maintains the substance 84 in a polarized state while the body 120 is transported.

As will be appreciated, similar to the body 100 of the cryostat 86, the body 120 of the shuttle 90 may include an outer body 126 and an inner body 128 spaced apart from the outer body 126 via thermally insulating spacers 130 and/or O-rings 132 so as to form a vacuum 134 between the outer body 126 and the inner body 128. In such embodiments, the chamber 124 may be defined by the inner body 128. As will be appreciated, the spacers 130, O-rings 132, and vacuum 134 insulate the substance 82/84 within the chamber 124 from the external environment. In embodiments, the shuttle 90 includes a cooling device 136, e.g., a cryogenic liquid containing device (such as a liquid nitrogen tank) and/or a battery powered cryocooler, that keeps the temperature of the substance 82/84 within the chamber 124 at between about 2K to about 273K. As further shown in FIG. 4, the chamber 124 may include one or more selectively sealable openings/ports 138, 140, 142 for fluidly connecting the chamber 124 to the cryostat 86, polarizer 88, exchange switch 92 and/or other device capable of receiving the substance 82/84.

Returning back to FIG. 2, as will be explained in greater detail below, the polarizer 88 is configured to receive the initial substance 82 having the radicals therein, and operative to hyperpolarize the initial substance 82 via the radicals, and to quench the radicals within the hyperpolarized substance 84 via adjusting a temperature of the substance 84 after the substance 84 has been hyperpolarized.

Accordingly, the polarizer 88 includes a body 144 that defines a chamber 146 having a first end 148 and a second end 150 opposite the first end 148. A magnet 152 is disposed within the body 144 so as to generate a magnetic field that encompasses the second end 150. A cooling medium/cryogen 154, e.g., liquid Helium (“He”), is disposed in the second end 150. The polarizer 88 further includes a container 156 configured to contain the substance 82/84 and selectively moveable along an axis 158 of the chamber 146. In embodiments, the container 156 may be fluidly connected to one or more conduits 160 and 161, of which at least one of, e.g., conduit 160, may be fluidly connected to the exchange switch 92 and/or shuttle 90 via conduits 162 and 164, respectively. In certain aspects, the polarizer 88 may include a motor 166 that moves the container 156 and/or conduit 160 along the axis 158. The polarizer 88 may further include a microwave source 168 that emits microwaves that are fed into the chamber 146 through a waveguide 169.

As also shown in FIG. 2, the exchange switch 92 is operative to facilitate movement of the substance 82/84 between the cryostat 86, polarizer 88, shuttle 90, and/or any other device capable of receiving the substance 82/84. In embodiments, the exchange switch 92 may include one or more conduits 170, 172, 174, 176, a transport medium port 178, a vacuum port 180, one or more substance ports 182, 184, and one or more valves 186, 188, 190, 192. The transport medium port 178 is operative to fluidly connect the one or more conduits 170, 172, 174, 176 to a transport medium source 194. The vacuum port 180 is operative to connect the one or more conduits 170, 172, 174, 176 to a vacuum source 196. The one or more substance ports 182 and 184 are operative to fluidly connect the one or more conduits 170, 172, 174, 176 to the cryostat 86, polarizer 88, shuttle 90, and/or any other device capable of receiving the substance 82/84. The one or more valves 186, 188, 190, 192 are operative to fluidly connect the cryostat 86, polarizer 88, shuttle 90, and/or any other device capable of receiving the substance 82/84 to the transport medium source 194 and/or the vacuum source 196.

Referring now to FIG. 5, the packet generator 94 is operative to generate packets 198 of the substance 82. The term “packet,” as used herein, refers to a discrete amount of the substance which may be transported between the cryostat 86, polarizer 88, shuttle 90, and/or any other device capable of receiving the substance 82/84. As will be appreciated, the packets 198 may have a shape configured to promote complete exposure of the substance 82 to the electromagnetic radiation 98 in the cryostat 86. For example, the packets 198 may be of a bead shape, a sheet, e.g., substantially flat, a cylindrical shape, a quadrangle shape, and/or a triangular shape. Accordingly, as shown in FIG. 5, the packet generator 94 may be an electrostatic bead maker having a dispenser 200 suspended over a tank 202 containing a cooling medium 204, e.g., liquid nitrogen, which may have a temperate of between about 70K to about 273K. The dispenser 200 may be a syringe having a plunger 206 that compresses the substance 82 in liquid form within a chamber 208 so as to produce a small bead/droplet 210 at the tip of a needle end 212. A first voltage may be induced in the droplet 210 via a first wire/catheter needle 214 and a second voltage, opposite the first voltage, may be induced in the tank 202 and/or cooling medium 204 via a second wire/conductive recipient 216.

As will be appreciated, increasing the voltage differential between the droplet 210 and the tank 202/cooling medium 204 creates an attractive force between the droplet 210 and the tank 202, which in turn causes the droplet 210 to leave the needle end 212 and enter the cooling medium 204, whereupon the droplet 210 solidifies into a packet 198. The size of the droplet 210, and in turn the packets 198, may be controlled via the voltage differential, e.g., the lower/higher the voltage differential, the less/more the force on the droplet 210, and the more/less time the droplet 210 has to grow in size before moving from the needle end 212 to the tank 202. In embodiments, the packets 198 may be beads having a diameter of about 2 mm.

Referring again to FIG. 3, in operation according to an embodiment, the packet generator 94 (FIG. 5) may generate/produce packets 198 of the substance 82 in the manner as described above. The packets 198 may then be collected and/or otherwise transferred into the chamber 102 of the cryostat 86 via opening 104. Upon loading the substance 82 into the chamber 102, the opening 104 may be sealed so as to maintain the temperature within the chamber 102 sufficiently cold in order to keep the substance 82 in solid form. The substance 82 may then be radiated with electromagnetic radiation 98 so as to form radicals within the substance 82 by breaking chemical bonds between molecules/atoms of the substance 82. As will be appreciated, because of the solid nature of the substance 82 within the cryostat 86, the newly formed radicals are restricted in their movement. As will be understood, the amount of the radicals formed within the substance 82 is proportional to the intensity and/or duration of exposure of the substance 82 to the electromagnetic radiation 98.

Turning back again to FIG. 2, upon forming a desired amount of radicals within the substance 82, the substance 82 may be transferred from the chamber 102 of the cryostat 86 to the chamber 124 of the shuttle 90 by fluidly connecting port 138 to opening 104, fluidly connecting port 140 to the exchange switch 92, and arranging the valves 186, 188, 190, and 192 such that the chambers 102 and 124 are exposed to the vacuum source 196, which in turn causes the substance 82 to move from chamber 102 to chamber 124. Ports 138 and 140 may be closed upon completion of the transfer of the substance from chamber 102 to chamber 124 so that the substance 82 may be stored and/or transported via the shuttle 90.

Moving now to FIG. 6, the substance 82 may then be transferred from the shuttle 90 to the polarizer 88 by fluidly connecting port 138 to the container 156 via conduits 164 and 160, fluidly connecting port 140 and conduit 162 to the exchange switch 92, and arranging the valves 186, 188, 190, 192, such that the chamber 124 is exposed to the transfer medium source 194 while conduits 162 and 164 are exposed to the vacuum source 196. As will be appreciated, the substance 82 is moved from the chamber 124 to the container 156 via conduit 164 by the force of a transfer medium, e.g., gaseous He, flowing through the chamber 124 and conduit 164, in combination with the vacuum created in conduit 162. While the embodiments herein are disclosed as using the shuttle 90 to load the substance 82 into the polarizer 88, it will be understood that other device and/or methods may be used to load the substance 82 into the polarizer 88.

Upon receiving the substance 82, the container 156, if not already exposed to/within the cooling medium 154, may be lowered via the motor 166 into the cooling medium 154 so that the substance 82 is cooled while being exposed to the magnetic field created by the magnet 152. As will be appreciated, in embodiments, the container 156 may have a semipermeable inner wall 230 which retains the substance 82/packets 198 while allowing He gas to flow through the container 156 to transfer and/or warm the substance 82/packets 198. In other embodiments, the container 156 may be closed off from the cooling medium 154, i.e., the inner wall 230 may be non-permeable. The valves 186, 188, 190, 192 of the exchange switch 92 may then be closed upon completion of transfer of the substance from 82 chamber 124 to container 156.

The substance 82 may then be hyperpolarized via transferring polarity from the radicals to the molecules/atoms of the substance 82 by transmitting microwaves through the substance 82 via the microwave source 168. In certain aspects, the hyperpolarization of the initial substance 82 within the polarizer 88 may be monitored via solid state NMR, e.g., the polarizer 88 may include an NMR probe and spectrometer.

As illustrated in FIG. 7, after hyperpolarization of the initial substance 82, the radicals in the hyperpolarized substance 84 may be quenched by adjusting the temperature of the substance 84 to greater than or equal to a melting point of the substance 84 by adjusting the position of the container 156 with respect to the cryogen 154, e.g., raising the container 156 out of the cryogen 154, and/or by introducing a fluid, e.g., a temperature adjusting fluid 243, into the container 156. Accordingly, in embodiments where the substance 84 is, or contains at least one, keto acid, the temperature of the substance 84 may be adjusted, e.g., warmed, to between about 200-320K, e.g., about 300K.

As further shown in FIG. 7, in embodiments, the container 156 may include two or more ports 240 and 242 that are operative to allow the temperature adjusting fluid 243, e.g., He(g), N(g), Ne(g), Ar(g), alcohols, an aqueous solution containing alcohols, or a combination thereof, to circulate within an interior chamber 244 of the container 156 so as to come into thermal communication with the substance 84. In embodiments, circulation of the temperature adjusting fluid 243 through the internal chamber 244 of the container 156 may provide for warming of the substance 84 as discussed above to meet or exceed the melting point of the substance 84.

As will be appreciated, raising the temperature of the hyperpolarized substance 84 quenches the radicals within the substance 84 by allowing the free electrons of the radicals to bond to nearby molecules. As will be further appreciated, quenching of the radicals significantly improves the life span of the hyperpolarized substance 84 as the radicals themselves, if left within the substance 84, contribute to de-polarization of the substance 84 over time. For example, embodiments of the present invention may provide for a hyperpolarized substance 84 having a life span that exceeds sixteen (16) hours. In embodiments, the temperature adjusting fluid 243 may be substantially/mostly or only He(g) to facilitate quenching of the radicals within the substance 84, with the substance subsequently dissolved by a water/buffer solution when the patient is ready for injection of the substance 84.

As illustrated in FIG. 8, upon quenching of the radicals, the temperature of the substance 84 may be adjusted to less than or equal to a freezing point of the substance 84 by adjusting the position of the container 156 with respect to the cryogen 154, e.g., lowering the container 156 such that the container 156 is at least partially (or fully) submerged in the cryogen 154. Accordingly, in embodiments where the substance 84 is, or contains at least one, keto acid, the temperature of the substance may be adjusted, e.g., cooled, to between about 0.3K-77K, e.g., about 1K. Adjusting the temperature of the hyperpolarized substance 84 to at or below the freezing temperature of the hyperpolarized substance 84 may result in the hyperpolarized substance 84 having a substantially unified form which, as used herein, means that the majority of molecules and/or elemental atoms of the hyperpolarized substance 84 form an integrated structure, e.g., a unified solid, as opposed to a plurality of solid pieces, e.g., multiple packets/dots/spheres. In other words, the packets 198 of the hyperpolarized substance 84 are quenched by melting them with a temperature control element (e.g., the raising or lowering of the container 156 with respect to the cryogen 154, the microwave generator 166, the temperature adjusting fluid 243 and/or other suitable device/approaches for heating and/or cooling the substance 84) and then freezing them back into a unified solid. In embodiments, freezing of the substance 84 may be rapid, e.g., within five (5) to ten (10) seconds or less.

In embodiments, adjusting of the temperature of the substance 84 to at or below the freezing point of the substance 84 may be accomplished and/or assisted by circulating a temperature adjusting fluid within the interior 244 of the container 156 via the two or more ports 240 and 242.

Moving to FIG. 9, in embodiments, after the temperature of the hyperpolarized substance 84 has been adjusted to be at or below its freezing point, the container 156 may then be transferred into an isolation chamber 260 in preparation of dissolving the hyperpolarized substance 84 for delivery of the hyperpolarized substance 84 into a subject/patient 78 (FIG. 1). In embodiments, the isolation chamber 260 may have a body 262 forming a cavity 264 disposed between two or more magnets 266 or encircled by a single magnet. The container 156 may be received by the cavity 264 such that hyperpolarization of the substance 84 is maintained by the magnets 266. In embodiments, the isolation chamber 260 may warm and/or dissolve the hyperpolarized substance 84 to at or above its melting point via a temperature adjusting fluid 243 circulated through the interior cavity 244 of the container 156 via ports 240 and 242. As will be appreciated, in embodiments, the isolation chamber 260 may be operative to keep the container 156 at a distance from any cryogen, i.e., out of thermal communication, such that only a modest amount of a heat adjusting fluid, e.g., inert gas such as He, N₂, Ne, or Ar is required to melt the hyperpolarized substance 84. Circulation of the temperature adjusting fluid 243 may facilitate transportation and/or dilution of the hyperpolarized substance 84 from the container 156 to a receiving device, e.g., an injection needle 268.

As shown in FIG. 10, in embodiments, the container 156 may be transferred from the polarizer 88 to a transport device 280 having a body 282 forming a cavity 284 between two or magnets 286 or encircled by a single magnet. The cavity 284 may additionally contain a cryogen 288 for keeping the hyperpolarized substance 84 at a temperature at or below its freezing point so as to provide for storage or transportation of the hyperpolarized substance 84 in substantially unified form.

Finally, it is also to be understood that the systems 10 and/or 80 may include the necessary electronics, software, memory, storage, databases, firmware, logic/state machines, microprocessors, communication links, displays or other visual or audio user interfaces, printing devices, and any other input/output interfaces to perform the functions described herein and/or to achieve the results described herein. For example, the systems 10 and/or 80 may include at least one processor and system memory/data storage structures, which may include random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM). The at least one processor of the systems 10 and/or 80 may include one or more conventional microprocessors and one or more supplementary co-processors such as math co-processors or the like. The data storage structures discussed herein may include an appropriate combination of magnetic, optical and/or semiconductor memory, and may include, for example, RAM, ROM, flash drive, an optical disc such as a compact disc and/or a hard disk or drive.

Additionally, a software application that adapts the controller to perform the methods disclosed herein may be read into a main memory of the at least one processor from a computer-readable medium. The term “computer-readable medium”, as used herein, refers to any medium that provides or participates in providing instructions to the at least one processor of the system 10 and/or 80 (or any other processor of a device described herein) for execution. Such a medium may take many forms, including but not limited to, non-volatile media and volatile media. Non-volatile media include, for example, optical, magnetic, or opto-magnetic disks, such as memory. Volatile media include dynamic random access memory (DRAM), which typically constitutes the main memory. Common forms of computer-readable media include, for example, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, DVD, any other optical medium, a RAM, a PROM, an EPROM or EEPROM (electronically erasable programmable read-only memory), a FLASH-EEPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, or any other medium from which a computer can read.

While in embodiments, the execution of sequences of instructions in the software application causes at least one processor to perform the methods/processes described herein, hard-wired circuitry may be used in place of, or in combination with, software instructions for implementation of the methods/processes of the present invention. Therefore, embodiments of the present invention are not limited to any specific combination of hardware and/or software.

It is further to be understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. For example, the above-described embodiments (and/or aspects thereof) may be used in combination with each other. Additionally, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from its scope.

For example, in an embodiment, a system for hyperpolarizing a substance is provided. The system includes a cryostat and a polarizer. The cryostat is operative to generate radicals within the substance by exposing the substance to electromagnetic radiation. The polarizer is operative to hyperpolarize the substance via the radicals, and to quench the radicals within the substance by adjusting a temperature of the substance to greater than or equal to a melting point of the substance. In certain embodiments, the polarizer is further operative to adjust the temperature of the substance to less than or equal to a freezing point of the substance after the radicals have been quenched. In certain embodiments, the system further includes a container adapted to contain the substance while the container is at least partially submerged in a cryogen disposed within the polarizer. In certain embodiments, the polarizer is operative to adjust the temperature of the substance by adjusting a position of the container with respect to the cryogen. In certain embodiments, the container includes at least two ports operative to allow a temperature adjusting fluid to circulate through an interior of the container and thermally communicate with the substance. In certain embodiments, the temperature adjusting fluid includes at least one of Helium gas, Nitrogen gas, Neon gas, Argon gas, and an alcohol. In certain embodiments, the system further includes an isolation chamber operative to receive the container after the substance has been quenched, and to facilitate melting of the substance in preparation of delivery of the substance into a patient. In certain embodiments, the system further includes a transport device operative to provide for at least one of transportation and storage of the substance in a substantially unified form after quenching of the radicals by the polarizer.

Other embodiments provide for a method of quenching radicals within a hyperpolarized substance. The method includes adjusting a temperature of the hyperpolarized substance to greater than or equal to a melting point of the hyperpolarized substance. In certain embodiments, the method further includes generating the hyperpolarized substance from an initial substance by: exposing the initial substance to electromagnetic radiation so as to create the radicals within the initial substance; and hyperpolarizing the initial substance via the radicals. In certain embodiments, the initial substance includes a keto acid. In certain embodiments, adjusting a temperature of the hyperpolarized substance to greater than or equal to a melting point of the hyperpolarized substance includes adjusting a position of the hyperpolarized substance with respect to a cryogen. In certain embodiments, the method further includes adjusting the temperature of the hyperpolarized substance to less than or equal to a freezing point of the hyperpolarized substance after one or more of the radicals have been quenched. In certain embodiments, adjusting the temperature of the hyperpolarized substance to less than or equal to a freezing point of the hyperpolarized substance after one or more of the radicals have been quenched includes adjusting a position of the hyperpolarized substance with respect to a cryogen. In certain embodiments, adjusting the temperature of the hyperpolarized substance to less than or equal to a freezing point of the hyperpolarized substance after one or more of the radicals have been quenched includes placing the hyperpolarized substance in thermal communication with a temperature adjusting fluid. In certain embodiments, the method further includes at least one of storing and transporting the hyperpolarized substance in a substantially unified form after one or more of the radicals have been quenched.

Yet still other embodiments provide for a device for quenching radicals within a hyperpolarized substance. The device includes a body, one or more magnets, and a temperature control element. The body is operative to contain the hyperpolarized substance. The one or more magnets are operative to maintain hyperpolarization of the hyperpolarized substance. The temperature control element is operative to adjust a temperature of the hyperpolarized substance to greater than or equal to a melting point of the hyperpolarized substance. In certain embodiments, the temperature control element is a container operative to contain the hyperpolarized substance and to adjust the position of the hyperpolarized substance in relation to a cryogen. In certain embodiments, the temperature control element is a container operative to contain the hyperpolarized substance and to place the hyperpolarized substance in thermal communication with a temperature adjusting fluid. In certain embodiments, the temperature control element is a microwave generator.

Accordingly, by providing for the storage and transfer of hyperpolarized substances, some embodiments of the invention provide for the ability to mass produce hyperpolarized substances for use in MRI procedures. Additionally, some embodiments may provide for the ability to store hyperpolarized substances onsite at a medical facility well in advance of performing an MRI procedure that utilizes the hyperpolarized substances. Thus, some embodiments of the present invention may reduce the costs associated with certain MRI procedures.

Moreover, by utilizing electromagnetically induced radicals to hyperpolarize a substance, and then thermally quenching the radicals within the substance, some embodiments of the present invention provide for the use of an extended number of molecules within a hyperpolarized MRI system. Thus, some embodiments of the present invention may be used to generate packets for: use in cancer diagnosis and treatment response, e.g., for targeted therapies for enzymatic mutations (“IDH”), and signaling cascades which target metabolism, e.g., PI₃K, AKT, mTOR, KRAS; use in heart failure diagnosis and treatment response, e.g., diabetes and fatty liver disease diagnosis and treatment response; use in fundamental characterization of metabolism non-invasively in vivo and in vitro; use in development of novel agents which may target a host of diseases, e.g., receptor targeting; and use in the polarization of novel drugs to interrogate PK/PD in vivo.

Further, by quenching radicals in a hyperpolarized substance by melting the substances, some embodiments of the present invention provide for a more robust system and process for producing/generating a hyperpolarized substance. In other words, some embodiments of the present invention require less stringent control over the temperature of the hyperpolarized substance than traditional approaches, which in turn, may facilitate greater yields, faster and/or more cost-efficient production of hyperpolarized substances.

Further still, by performing sample/substance dilution outside of a cryostat, some embodiments of the present invention provide for greatly simplified polarizer designs and/or reduce the risk of containing the cryostat with solvent and/or leaked samples. Moreover, sample dilution outside of a cryostat, as provided for by some embodiments of the present invention, may provide for higher concentrations of molecules of interest since the amount of solvent required to warm up and dilute the sample outside the cryostat is less than that needed for dilution of the sample within the cold environment of the cryostat.

Additionally, while the dimensions and types of materials described herein are intended to define the parameters of the invention, they are by no means limiting and are exemplary embodiments. Many other embodiments will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. The scope of the invention should, therefore, be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. In the appended claims, the terms “including” and “in which” are used as the plain-English equivalents of the respective terms “comprising” and “wherein.” Moreover, in the following claims, terms such as “first,” “second,” “third,” “upper,” “lower,” “bottom,” “top,” etc. are used merely as labels, and are not intended to impose numerical or positional requirements on their objects. Further, the limitations of the following claims are not written in means-plus-function format are not intended to be interpreted as such, unless and until such claim limitations expressly use the phrase “means for” followed by a statement of function void of further structure.

This written description uses examples to disclose several embodiments of the invention, including the best mode, and also to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to practice the embodiments of invention, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to one of ordinary skill in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal languages of the claims.

As used herein, an element or step recited in the singular and proceeded with the word “a” or “an” should be understood as not excluding plural of said elements or steps, unless such exclusion is explicitly stated. Furthermore, references to “one embodiment” of the present invention are not intended to be interpreted as excluding the existence of additional embodiments that also incorporate the recited features. Moreover, unless explicitly stated to the contrary, embodiments “comprising,” “including,” or “having” an element or a plurality of elements having a particular property may include additional such elements not having that property.

Since certain changes may be made in the above-described invention, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention herein involved, it is intended that all of the subject matter of the above description shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted merely as examples illustrating the inventive concept herein and shall not be construed as limiting the invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for hyperpolarizing a substance comprising: a cryostat operative to generate radicals within the substance by exposing the substance to electromagnetic radiation; a polarizer operative to hyperpolarize the substance via the radicals, and to quench the radicals within the substance by adjusting a temperature of the substance to greater than or equal to a melting point of the substance; a container adapted to contain the substance while the container is at least partially submerged in a cryogen disposed within the polarizer; and an isolation chamber operative to receive the container after the radicals within the substance have been quenched, and to facilitate melting of the substance in preparation of delivery of the substance into a patient.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the polarizer is further operative to adjust the temperature of the substance to less than or equal to a freezing point of the substance after the radicals have been quenched.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the polarizer is operative to adjust the temperature of the substance by adjusting a position of the container with respect to the cryogen.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the container comprises at least two ports operative to allow a temperature adjusting fluid to circulate through an interior of the container and thermally communicate with the substance.
 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the temperature adjusting fluid includes at least one of Helium gas, Nitrogen gas, Neon gas, Argon gas, and an alcohol.
 6. The system of claim 1 further comprising: a transport device operative to provide for at least one of transportation and storage of the substance in a substantially unified form after quenching of the radicals by the polarizer.
 7. A method comprising: quenching radicals within a hyperpolarized substance by adjusting a temperature of the hyperpolarized substance by a temperature control element to greater than or equal to a melting point of the hyperpolarized substance; and providing an isolation chamber operative to receive the hyperpolarized substance after the radicals have been quenched, and to facilitate melting of the hyperpolarized substance in preparation of delivery of the hyperpolarized substance into a patient.
 8. The method of claim 7 further comprising: generating the hyperpolarized substance from an initial substance by: exposing the initial substance to electromagnetic radiation so as to create the radicals within the initial substance; and hyperpolarizing the initial substance via the radicals.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the initial substance includes a keto acid.
 10. The method of claim 7, wherein adjusting a temperature of the hyperpolarized substance to greater than or equal to a melting point of the hyperpolarized substance comprises: adjusting a position of the hyperpolarized substance with respect to a cryogen.
 11. The method of claim 7 further comprising: adjusting the temperature of the hyperpolarized substance to less than or equal to a freezing point of the hyperpolarized substance after one or more of the radicals have been quenched.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein adjusting the temperature of the hyperpolarized substance to less than or equal to a freezing point of the hyperpolarized substance after one or more of the radicals have been quenched comprises: adjusting a position of the hyperpolarized substance with respect to a cryogen.
 13. The method of claim 7, wherein adjusting the temperature of the hyperpolarized substance to less than or equal to a freezing point of the hyperpolarized substance after one or more of the radicals have been quenched comprises: placing the hyperpolarized substance in thermal communication with a temperature adjusting fluid.
 14. The method of claim 7 further comprising: at least one of storing and transporting the hyperpolarized substance in a substantially unified form after one or more of the radicals have been quenched.
 15. A device for quenching radicals within a hyperpolarized substance, the device comprising: a body operative to contain the hyperpolarized substance; one or more magnets operative to maintain hyperpolarization of the hyperpolarized substance; a temperature control element operative to adjust a temperature of the hyperpolarized substance to greater than or equal to a melting point of the hyperpolarized substance; and an isolation chamber operative to receive the hyperpolarized substance after the radicals have been quenched, and to facilitate melting of the hyperpolarized substance in preparation of delivery of the hyperpolarized substance into a patient.
 16. The device of claim 15, wherein the temperature control element is a container operative to contain the hyperpolarized substance and to adjust the position of the hyperpolarized substance in relation to a cryogen.
 17. The device of claim 15, wherein the temperature control element is a container operative to contain the hyperpolarized substance and to place the hyperpolarized substance in thermal communication with a temperature adjusting fluid.
 18. The device of claim 15, wherein the temperature control element is a microwave generator. 